Course Requirements

Previously titled "Animal Physiology and Behavior"

Major Core

Complete the following:

• BIO 281 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors I (4)
• BIO 282 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors II (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4) or MBB 347 Molecular Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Evolution (3)

Major Concentration Courses

Complete the following:

• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 360 Animal Physiology (3)
• BCH 361 Principles of Biochemistry (3) or BCH 461/462 General Biochemistry (For Biochemistry Minors or Majors)

Major Core Electives*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
Complete two of the following:

• BIO 436 Sociobiology and Behavioral Ecology (3)
• BIO 461 Comparative Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO 462 Endocrine Physiology (3)
• BIO 467 Neurobiology (3)
• BIO/MIC 420 Immunology: Cellular and Molecular Foundations (3)

Major Comparative Structure and Function Courses*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
 Complete one of the following:

• BIO 351 Developmental Biology (3)
• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 453 Animal Histology (4)
• PSY 426 Neuroanatomy (4)

Major Laboratory/Research Courses

Complete one of the following:

• BCH 367 Elementary Biochemistry Laboratory (1)
• BCH 467 Analytical Biochemistry Laboratory (3)
• BIO 342 General Genetics Laboratory (2)
• BIO/MBB 343 Genetic Engineering and Society (4)
• BIO 352 Laboratory in Vertebrate Developmental Anatomy (2)
• BIO 361 Animal Physiology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 435 Research Techniques in Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 451 Cell Biotechnology Laboratory (4)
• MIC 421 Experimental Immunology (2)
• BIO 308 Plant Physiology (4)
• BIO/MIC/MBB/PLB 495 Undergraduate Research OR BIO/HPS/MIC/MBB 484 Internship OR BIO 492 Honors Directed Study OR BIO 390 may be substituted for one lab course (1-3)

Major General Electives*

*Any SOLS upper division coursework (BIO/MIC/MBB) will count in this area. Please see below for options relevant to your concentration interest:
Complete at least one or more to get to 40 credit hours overall:

• BIO 312/PHI 320 Bioethics (3)
• BIO 416/HPS 410 Biomedical Research Ethics (3)
• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)
• BIO 353 Cell Biology (3)
• BIO/MBB 440 Functional Genomics (3)
• BIO 415 Biometry (4)
• BIO 386 General Entomology 
• BIO 471 Ornithology 
• BIO 472 Mammology
• BIO 474 Herpetology (4)
• BIO 431 Genes, Development, and Evolution (3)
• BIO 455/BMI 465 Introduction to Comparative Genomics (3)
• BIO 465 Neurophysiology (3)
• BIO 494 Advanced Study of Behavior (3)
• PLB 440/BIO 464 Photobiology (3)
• PSY 470 Psychopharmacology (3)

Requirements in Related Fields (19 hours min)

General Chemistry (8 hours)
Take both courses:

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)

Organic Chemistry (4-8 hours)

Take CHM 231 and 235 OR CHM 233, 234, 237, and 238

• CHM 231 Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ 1 (3)

• CHM 235 Elementary Organic Chemistry Laboratory SQ 1 (1)

--- or ---

 Pre-health sequence:

• CHM 233 General Organic Chemistry I (3)
• CHM 234 General Organic Chemistry II (3)
• CHM 237 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (1)
• CHM 238 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (1)

Physics (4-8 hours)

Take PHY 101 OR PHY 111, 112, 113, and 114

• PHY 101 Introduction to Physics SQ (4 hours)

--- or ---

Pre-health sequence:

• PHY 111 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 112 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 113 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)
• PHY 114 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)

Math Proficiency (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)
• MAT 210 Brief Calculus (3)
• SOS 211 Calculus and Probability for the Life and Social Sciences (3)
• MAT 270 Calculus with Analytic Geometry I

Statistics (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3) 
• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)
• PSY 230 Introduction to Statistics (3)

A degree in biological sciences with a concentration in neurobiology, physiology and behavior requires a minimum of 41 semester hours in life science courses, a minimum of 16 semester hours in related fields, a three-semester-hour statistics course, plus a three-semester-hour advanced mathematics course included in the general studies requirement. A minimum grade of “C” (2.00) is required in all course work in the major and related fields.

Core requirements (15 hours)

• BIO 181 (formally 188) General Biology (4)
• BIO 182 (formally 187) General Biology (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Organic Evolution (3)

Concentration requirements (9-12 hours)

• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 360 Introduction to Animal Physiology (3)
• BCH 361 Principles of Biochemistry (3)

--- or ---

• BCH 461/462 General Biochemistry (3/3)

Additional Concentration Requirements (6 hours)

• BIO 436 Sociobiology and Behavioral Ecology (3)
• BIO 461 Comparative Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO 462 Endocrine Physiology (3)
• BIO 467 Neurobiology (3)

Laboratory and Research (2 to 4 hours)

• BCH 367 Elementary Biochemistry Laboratory (1)
• BCH 467 Analytical Biochemistry Laboratory (4)
• BIO 342 General Genetics Laboratory (2)
• BIO/MBB 343 Genetic Engineering and Society (4)
• BIO 361 Animal Physiology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 352 Laboratory in Vertebrate Developmental Anatomy (2)
• BIO 435 Research Techniques in Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 451 Cell Biotechnology Laboratory (4)
• BIO 453 Animal Histology (4)
• BIO 495 Undergraduate Research - may substitute for one laboratory course
• MIC 421 Experimental Immunology (2)
• PLB 308 Plant Physiology (4)

Comparative Structure and Function (3 to 4 hours)

• BIO 351 Developmental Anatomy (3)
• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 453 Animal Histology (4)
• PSY 426 Neuroanatomy (4)

Major Electives (3 to 6 hours)

• BIO 312 Bioethics (3)
• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)
• BIO 353 Cell Biology (3)
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4)

--- or --- BIO 471 Ornithology (3)
--- or --- BIO 472 Mammalogy (4)
--- or --- BIO 473 Ichthyology (3)
--- or --- BIO 474 Herpetology (3)

• BIO 415 Biometry (4)
• BIO 425 Animal Ecology (3)
• BIO 431 Genes, Development, and Evolution (3)
• BIO 455 Introduction to Comparative Genomics (3)
• BIO 465 Neurophysiology (3)
• BIO 494 Advanced Study of Behavior (3 )
• PLB 440 / BIO 464 Photobiology (3)

Requirements in Related Fields (16 hours)

Chemistry

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)

Organic Chemistry Options

• CHM 231 Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ 1 (3)
• CHM 235 Elementary Organic Chemistry Laboratory SQ 1 (1)

--- or ---

• CHM 233 General Organic Chemistry I (3)
• CHM 234 General Organic Chemistry II (3)
• CHM 237 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (1)
• CHM 238 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (1)

Physics Options

• PHY 101 Introduction to Physics SQ (4 hours)

--- or ---

• PHY 111 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 112 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 113 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)
• PHY 114 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)

Math Proficiency

MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)

Statistics

• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)

--- or ---

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3)

Major Core

Complete the following:

• BIO 281 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors I (4)
• BIO 282 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors II (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4) or MBB 347 Molecular Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Evolution (3)

Additional Major Requirements*

 *Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them

Pick five courses from the following for 15+ credit hours:

• BIO 312/PHI 320 Bioethics or HPS 314 Philosophy of Science or BIO 311/HPS 340 Biology and Society (3) or BIO 416/HPS 410 Biomedical Research Ethics (3)
• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)
• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 351 Developmental Biology (3)
• BIO 353 Cell Biology (3)
• BIO 360 Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO/PLB 308 Plant Physiology (4)
• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4) 
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4)
  
• MIC 220 Biology of Microorganisms & MIC 206 Microbiology Laboratory (4)
• PLB 300/ENV 300 Comparative Plant Diversity 
• PLB 306/BIO 309 Plant Anatomy (4)

Major Laboratory/Research Electives

Complete two courses from the list below. Use only one 495 or 484 course toward the two courses.
Credits from labs are accounted for in the major general elective area.

• BIO/PLB 308 Plant Physiology (4)
• BIO 309 Plant Anatomy (4)
• BIO 321 Introductory Ecology Laboratory (2)
• BIO/MBB 343 Genetic Engineering and Society (4)
• BIO 352 Laboratory in Vertebrate Developmental Anatomy (2)
• BIO 361 Animal Physiology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 435 Research Techniques in Animal Behavior (3)
• MIC 302 Advanced Bacteriology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 451 Cell Biotechnology Laboratory (4)
• MBB/PLB 350 Applied Genetics (4)
• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4)
• MIC 421 Experimental Immunology (2)
• BIO 474 Herpetology (4)
• BIO 342 General Genetics Laboratory (2)
• BIO 471 Ornithology (3)
• BIO 472 Mammalogy (4)
• BIO/MIC/MBB/PLB 495 Undergraduate Research OR BIO/HPS/MIC/MBB 484 Internship OR BIO 492 Honors Directed Study OR BIO 390 may be substituted for one lab 

Major General Electives*

*Any SOLS upper division coursework (BIO/MIC/MBB) will count in this area. Please see below for options relevant to your concentration interest:
Credits in excess from lab/research electives may be deducted from general elective hours.
Classes not used from areas 2 through 5 above may count toward general electives. Minimum of 10 credit hours.

• BIO 302 Cancer -- Mother of all Diseases (3)
• BIO 322 Principles of Conservation Biology (3)
• BIO 323 Ecosystem Restoration and Management (3)
• BIO 325 Oceanography (3)
• BIO 346 The Darwinian Revolution (3)
• BIO/MBB/MAT 355 or CPI 480 Introduction to Computational Molecular Biology (3)
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4)
• BIO 406/PLB 432 Computer Applications in Biology (3)
• BIO 415 Biometry (4)
• BIO 416/HPS 410 Biomedical Research Ethics (3)
• BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology (3)
• BIO 427 Fire (3)
• BIO 428 Biogeography (3)
• BIO 431 Genes, Development, and Evolution (3)
• BIO 434: People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3)
• BIO 436 Sociobiology and Behavioral Ecology (3)
• BIO/MBB 440 Functional Genomics (3)
• BIO/ASM 446 Principles of Human Genetics (3)
• BIO 453 Animal Histology (4)
• BIO 455/BMI 465 Introduction to Comparative Genomics (3)
• BIO 467 Neurobiology (3)
• BIO 461 Comparative Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO 462 Endocrine Physiology (3)
• BIO 464/PLB 440 Photobiology (3)
• BIO 471 Ornithology - occasionally offered (3)
• BIO 472 Mammalogy - occasionally offered (4)
• BIO 474 Herpetology - occasionally offered (4)
• HPS 322 History of Science I (3)
• HPS 323/BIO 317 History of Science II (3)
• HPS 330/BIO 316 History of Biology: Conflicts and Controversies (3)
• HPS 331/BIO 318 History of Medicine (3)
• MIC 360 Bacterial Physiology (3)
• BIO/MIC 420 Immunology: Cellular and Molecular Foundations (3)
• MIC 485 General Virology (3)
• PLB 302 Plants and Civilization (3)
• PLB 305 Desert Annuals, Cacti and Succulents (3)
• PLB 310 The Flora of Arizona (4)
• PLB 407 Plant Fossils and Evolution (4)
• BCH 361 Principles of Biochemistry or BCH 461/462 General Biochemistry (3/3)

Requirements in Related Fields (19 hours min)

General Chemistry (8 hours)

Take both courses:

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)

Organic Chemistry (4-8 hours)

• CHM 231 Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ 1 (3)
• CHM 235 Elementary Organic Chemistry Laboratory SQ 1 (1) 

          ---or---

Pre-health sequence:

• CHM 233 General Organic Chemistry I (3)
• CHM 234 General Organic Chemistry II (3)
• CHM 237 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (1)
• CHM 238 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (1)

Physics (4-8 hours)

• PHY 101 or PHY 111, 112, 113 and 114
• PHY 101 Introduction to Physics SQ (4 hours) 

          ---or---

Pre-health sequence:

• PHY 111 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 112 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 113 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)
• PHY 114 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)

Math Proficiency (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)
• MAT 210 Brief Calculus (3)
• MAT 270 Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
• SOS 211 Calculus and Probability for the Life and Social Sciences (3)

Statistics (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3) 
• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)
• PSY 230 Introduction to Statistics (3)

A major in biological sciences requires a minimum of 41 semester hours in life science courses, a minimum of 16 semester hours in related fields, a three-semester-hour statistics course, plus a three-semester-hour advanced mathematics course included in the general studies requirement. A minimum grade of "C" (2.00) is required in all courses in the major and related fields.

Core Requirements (16 hours)

• BIO 181 (formally 188) General Biology (4)
• BIO 182 (formally 187) General Biology (4)
• BIO 189 Career Paths in the Life Science (1)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4) - every semester
• BIO 345 Organic Evolution (3) - every semester

Additional Requirements (14 hours)

• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)
• MIC 220 Biology of Microorganisms (3) and MIC 206 Microbiology Laboratory (1)

Cell Biology/Physiology Courses (one course)

• BIO 360 Animal Physiology (3)
• PLB 308 Plant Physiology (4)
• BIO 353 Cell Biology (3)

Organismal Courses (one course)

• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology
• BIO 386 General Entomology
• BIO 470 Systematic Zoology
• BIO 471 Ornithology
• BIO 472 Mammalogy
• BIO 474 Herpetology
• PLB 300 Comparative Plant Diversity
• PLB 310 The Flora of Arizona

Electives (11 hours)

Upper division credits in BIO, MIC, PLB or MBB courses must include two upper division courses with lab experiences.

Requirements in Related Fields (16 hours)

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)
• Organic Chemistry Options
• CHM 231 Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ 1 (3)
• CHM 235 Elementary Organic Chemistry Laboratory SQ 1 (1) 

         ---or---

• CHM 233 General Organic Chemistry I (3)
• CHM 234 General Organic Chemistry II (3)
• CHM 237 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (1)
• CHM 238 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (1)

Physics Options

• PHY 101 Introduction to Physics SQ (4 hours) 

          ---or---

• PHY 111 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 112 General Physics SQ 2 (3)
• PHY 113 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)
• PHY 114 General Physics Laboratory SQ 2 (1)

Math Proficiency (6 hours: 3 as a General Studies Requirement)

• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3) or STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3)
• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)

Major Core

Complete the following courses:

• BIO 281  Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors I (4)
• BIO 282  Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors II (4)
• BIO 340  General Genetics or MBB 347 Molecular Genetics: From Genes to Proteins (4)
• BIO 345  Evolution (3)

Major Concentration Courses

Complete the following courses:

• BIO 312/PHI 320 Bioethics or BIO 416/HPS 410 Biomedical Research Ethics (3)
• BIO 353  Cell Biology (3)
• BIO 360  Animal Physiology (3)

Major Elective Concentration Courses*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
Complete two of the following:

• BIO 351  Developmental Biology (3)
• BIO/BIO 420  Immunology: Molecular and Cellular Foundations (3)
• BIO/MBB 440  Functional Genomics (3)
• BIO 462  Endocrine Physiology (3)
• BIO 467  Neurobiology (3)

Major Biomedical Laboratory/Research Courses

Complete one lab course. Credits from lab are accounted for in the Biomedical Research and Medicine in Society course area.

• BIO 342  General Genetics Laboratory (2)
• BIO/MBB 343  Genetic Engineering and Society (4)
• BIO 352  Laboratory in Vertebrate Developmental Anatomy (2)
• BIO 361  Animal Physiology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 435  Research Techniques in Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 451  Cell Biotechnology Laboratory (4)
• MIC 421  Experimental Immunology (2)
• MIC/MBB 446  Techniques in Molecular Biology/Genetics Lab (2)
• BIO/MIC/MBB/PLB 495 Undergraduate Research OR BIO/MIC/MBB 492 Honors Directed Study (1-3)

Biomedical Research and Medicine in Society Electives*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
Complete at least six credit hours. One course must be from each list: Biomedical Research and Medicine in Society.
Biomedical lab course will satisfy one area.

Biomedical Research Course List

• BIO 342  General Genetics Laboratory (2)
• BIO/MBB 343  Genetic Engineering and Society (4)
• BIO 352  Laboratory in Vertebrate Developmental Anatomy (2)
• BIO/MBB/MAT 355 or CPI 480 Introduction to Computational Molecular Biology (3)
• BIO 361  Animal Physiology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 415  Biometry (4)
• BIO 435  Research Techniques in Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 450  Advanced Developmental Biology (3)
• BIO 451  Cell Biotechnology Laboratory (4)
• BIO 455/BMI 465 Introduction to Comparative Genomics (3)
• BIO 494  Special Topics: Genomic Analysis (3)
• MIC 421  Experimental Immunology (2)
• MIC 425  Advanced Immunology (3)
• MIC/MBB 445  Techniques in Molecular Biology/Genetics (3)
• MIC/MBB 446  Techniques in Molecular Biology/Genetics Lab (2)
• BIO/MIC/MBB/PLB 495 Undergraduate Research OR BIO/MIC/MBB 492 Honors Directed Study (1-3)

Medicine in Society Course List

• ASB 301/SSH 301/HST 301Global History of Health (3)
• ASB 355/SSH 355  Traditional Medicine and Healing (3)
• ASB 443/SSH 403  Cross-cultural Studies in Global Health (3-6)
• ASB 452/SSH 402  Community Partnerships for Global Health (3-9)
• ASM 345  Disease and Human Evolution (3)
• BIO 302  Cancer – Mother of All Diseases (3)
• BIO 311/HPS 340  Biology and Society (3)
• HPS 331/BIO 318  History of Medicine (3)
• SSH 401/ASM 401 Health and Human Biology (3-4)
• SSH 404/ASB 462  Medical Anthropology: Culture and Health (3)
• BIO/HPS/MIC/MBB/PLB 484 Internship (1-3)

Requirements in Related Fields: (26 hours min)

General Chemistry

Take both courses:

• CHM 113  General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116  General Chemistry II (4)

Organic Chemistry

• CHM 231  Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ1(3)
• CHM 235  Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ1 (3)

---- or ----

Pre-health sequence:

• CHM 233  General Organic Chemistry I (3)
• CHM 234  General Organic Chemistry II (3)
• CHM 237  General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (1)
• CHM 238  General Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (1)

Biochemistry

• BCH 361 Principles of Biochemistry or BCH 461/462 General Biochemistry (for Biochemistry Majors or Minors )
• BCH 367  Elementary Biochemistry Laboratory (1)

Physics

• PHY 101  Introduction to Physics SQ (4)

---- or ----

Pre-health sequence:

• PHY 111  General Physics SQ2 (3)
• PHY 112  General Physics SQ2 (3)
• PHY 113  General Physics Laboratory SQ2 (1)
• PHY 114  General Physics Laboratory SQ2 (1)

Math Proficiency (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)
• MAT 210 Brief Calculus (3)
• MAT 270 Calculus with Analytic Geometry I (3)
• SOS 211 Calculus and Probability for the Life and Social Sciences (3)

Statistics (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3) 
• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)
• PSY 230 Introduction to Statistics (3)

Major Core

Complete the following:

• BIO 281 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors I (4)
• BIO 282 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors II (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4) or MBB 347 Molecular Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Evolution (3)

Major Concentration Courses

Complete the following:

• BIO 311 Biology and Society (3) (Fall only)
• BIO 314 Research Colloquium in Biology & Society I (2) (Spring only)
• BIO/MIC/MBB/PLB 495 Undergraduate Research OR BIO/HPS/MIC/MBB 484 Internship OR BIO 492 Honors Directed Study (3)
• BIO 414 Research Colloquium in Biology & Society II (1) (Spring only)

*Research is recommended to be taken in the fall semester between BIO 314 and BIO 414 (3)

Please consult with an advisor to discuss how to obtain research/internship opportunities.

Additional Major Core Elective

Choose one additional course from the following lists:

• Ethics (3)
• History and Philosophy of Science (3)
• Science in Contemporary Society (3)

Biology and Society Interface - Ethics
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 312/PHI 320 Bioethics (3)
• BIO 324/PHI 310 Environmental Ethics (3)
• BIO 416/HPS 410 Biomedical Research Ethics (3)

Biology and Society Interface - History and Philosophy of Science
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 316/HPS 330 History of Biology (3)
• BIO 318/HPS 331 History of Medicine (3)
• BIO 344/HPS 311 Origins, Evolution, and Creation (3)
• HPS 313/PHI 313 Probability, Evidence, Decision (3)
• HPS 314/PHI 314 Philosophy of Science (3)
• HPS 322 History of Science (3)
• HPS 323/BIO 317 History of Science (3)
• HPS 325/HST 385 Chinese Science and Medicine (3)
• HPS 336 Exploration and Science (3)
• HPS 428 Immunophilosophy (3)
• ABS 357 Society, Drugs and Health (3)

Biology and Society Interface - Science in Contemporary Society
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 302 Cancer and Heart Disease (3)
• BIO 322 Principles of Conservation Biology (3)
• BIO 323 Ecosystem Restoration and Management (3)
• BIO 394/HPS 394 Science and Society (3)
• BIO 344/HPS 311 Origins, Evolution, and Creation (3)
• BIO 412/ENV 302 Conservation in Practice (3)
• BIO 427 Fire (3)
• BIO 434 People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3)
• MIC/SSH 314 HIV/AIDS: Science, Behavior, and Society (3)
• BIO 304/PLB 302 Plants and Civilization (3)
• AFS 383 Blacks in Science, Medicine, and Public Health (3)
• ASB 353 Death and Dying in a Cross-Cultural Perspective (3)
• CHM 107 Chemistry and Society (3)
• PSY 427 Immunoneuropsychology: Research Foundation (3)
• HON 394 History and Evolution of Food (3)
• HON 494 Law, Science, and Technology (3)
• HON 494 Genetics and the Law (3)
• HON 494 Uncertainty and Decision Making (3)
• JMC 445 Science and Medical Writing (3)
• WST 360 Women as Healers (3)
• WST 394 Women and International Health (3)

Major Biological Sciences Electives*

Complete 12 credit hours from the following: (classes not used from above interface may count toward general electives)
*Any SOLS upper division coursework (BIO/MIC/MBB) will count in this area. Please see below for options relevant to your concentration interest: 

• BIO 302 Cancer--Mother of All Diseases (3)
• BIO 312/PHI 320 Bioethics (3)
• BIO 316/HPS 330 History of Biology: Conflicts and Controversies (3)
• BIO 318/HPS 331 History of Medicine (3)
• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)
• BIO 322 Conservation Biology and Ecological Sustainability (3)
• BIO 323 Ecosystem Restoration and Management (3)
• BIO 324/PHI 310 Environmental Ethics (3)
• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO/MBB 343 Genetic Engineering and Society (4)
• BIO 344/HPS 311 Origins, Evolution, and Creation (3)
• BIO 351 Developmental Biology (3)
• BIO 353 Cell Biology (3)
• BIO/MBB/MAT 355 or CPI 480 Introduction to Computational Molecular Biology (3)
• BIO 360 Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4)
• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice (3)
• BIO 415 Biometry (4)
• BIO 416/HPS 410 Biomedical Research Ethics (3)
• BIO 427 Fire (3)
• BIO 431 Genes, Development, and Evolution (3)
• BIO 436 Sociobiology and Behavioral Ecology (3)
• BIO/MBB 440 Functional Genomics (3)
• BIO/ASM 446 Principles of Human Genetics (3)
• BIO 455/BMI 465 Introduction to Comparative Genomics (3)
• BIO 467 Neurobiology (3)
• BIO 461 Comparative Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO 462 Endocrine Physiology (3)
• BIO 471 Ornithology (3)
• BIO 472 Mammalogy (3)
• HPS/PHI 313 Probability, Evidence, and Decision (3)
• HPS/PHI 314 Philosophy of Science (3)
• HPS 322 History of Science (3)
• HPS 323/BIO 317 History of Science (3)
• HPS 325 or HST 385 History of Chinese Medicine (3)
• HPS 336 Exploration and Science (3)
• MIC 220 Biology of Microorganismsm(3)
• MIC/SSH 314 HIV/AIDS: Science, Behavior, and Society (3)
• MIC 360 Bacterial Physiology (3)
• BIO/MIC 420 Immunology: Cellular and Molecular Foundations (3)
• ENV 300/PLB 300 Comparative Plant Diversity (4)
• BIO 309/PLB 306 Plant Anatomy (4)
• BIO/PLB 308 Plant Physiology (4)
• BIO 313/PLB 310 The Flora of Arizona (4)
• PLB 498 Sonoran Desert Field Botany (1-7)
• PLB 440/BIO 406 Photobiology (3)

Requirements in Related Fields

General Chemistry (8 hours)

Take both courses:

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)

Math Proficiency (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)
• MAT 210 Brief Calculus (3)
• MAT 270 Calculus with Analytic Geometry I (3)
• SOS 211 Calculus and Probability for the Life and Social Sciences (3)

Statistics (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3) 
• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)
• PSY 230 Introduction to Statistics (3)

The Concentration in Biology and Society is designed to provide students with a working knowledge of life sciences and related sciences, and to gain the historical, philosophical, political and bioethical perspectives needed to explore interactions between the life sciences and related complex human issues.

This program cultivates better informed and more effective policy-makers, teachers, writers and researchers in areas related to biology, medicine and society.

A BS in Biological Sciences with a Concentration in Biology and Society consists of 48+ semester hours in required courses, and a minimum of nine semester hours in related fields, a three-semester-hour statistics course, plus a three-semester-hour advanced mathematics course included in the General Studies Requirement. A minimum grade of “C” (2.00) is required in all course work in the major and related fields.

Core requirements (15 hours)

• BIO 181 (formally 188) General Biology (4)
• BIO 182 (formally 187) General Biology (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Organic Evolution (3)

Concentration requirements (9 hours)

• BIO 311 Biology and Society (3)
• BIO 314 Research Colloquium in Biology & Society I (2)
• BIO 414 Research Colloquium in Biology and Society II (1)
• Research (see an advisor for approved list), BIO 495 or BIO 484 or BIO 492

Research to be taken in the fall semester between BIO 314 and BIO 414

Upper Division Life Sciences
12 credit hours of upper division electives from BIO, PLB, MIC, MBB

Interface Courses

12 credit hours of Interface courses with at least 3 credits from each of three areas:

1. Ethics
2. History and Philosophy of Science
3. Science in Contemporary Society

While these specific courses will fulfill the requirement without further approval, students may propose other courses as well. Please submit a course approval form request with a syllabus or course description to the Center for Biology and Society for approval.

Related fields (9 hours of physical science, chemistry preferred)

Math Proficiency (6 hours: 3 as a General Studies Requirement)

• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3) 

--- or ---

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3)
• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)

Interface Course Requirements (will not appear in catalog)

Biology and Society BS majors must take at least one course from each of the three areas below for a total of 12 credit hours. While these specific courses will fulfill the requirement without further approval, students may propose other courses as well.

To petition to take a course that is not listed, please fill out the Biology and Society Interface Course Approval Form and submit it to Professor Maienschein in room LSC 284.

Ethics 
These courses include rigorous analysis of ethics and values in the context of the products and processes of the life sciences.

• BIO 312 / PHI 320 Bioethics
• BIO 324 / PHI 310 Environmental Ethics
• BIO 394 / HPS 394 Bioethics in Film
• BIO 394 / ENG 394 Science, Ethics and the Public
• BIO 416 / HPS 410 Professional Values in Science
• PHI 306 Applied Ethics
• * Other Courses with Topics Related to Bioethics

History and Philosophy of Science 
These courses focus on 1) the development of science over time and the way that science changes with and within society, or
2) promoting a deep understanding and appreciation of the nature of scientific arguments and logic and how you determine what counts as evidence in science.

• BIO 316 / HPS 330 History of Biology
• BIO 318 / HPS 331 History of Medicine
• BIO 498 / HPS 498 Embryo Project Seminar
• HPS 314 / PHI 314 Philosophy of Science
• HPS 322 History of Science
• HPS 323 History of Science
• HPS 336 Exploration and Science
• HPS 494 Scientific Revolution & Law
• HPS 494 Advanced Logic
• HST 385 History of Chinese Medicine
• PHI 312 Theory of Knowledge

Science in Contemporary Society 
These courses expose students to the methods of inquiry and results in the social study of science. They explore contemporary interactions between biology and society. Each course clearly recognizes and analyzes current issues relating to both science and society, not just science. They may draw from religious studies, philosophy, economics, policy, law, anthropology, political science, business and other disciplines.

• AFS 394 Blacks in Science, Medicine, and Public Health
• AFS 394 Health Issues - African American Communities
• ASB 311 Principles of Social Anthropology
• ASB 326 Human Impacts on Ancient Environments
• ASB 353 Death and Dying in a Cross-Cultural Perspective
• ASB 394 Technology and Society
• ASB 462 Medical Anthropology: Culture and Health
• BIO 302 Cancer and Heart Disease
• BIO 322 Conservation Biology & Ecological Sustainability I - Fall only
• BIO 323 Conservation Biology & Ecological Sustainability II - Spring only
• BIO 343 / MBB 343 Genetic Engineering and Society- Fall only
• BIO 344 / HPS 311 Origins, Evolution, & Creation
• BIO 346 / HPS 332 The Darwinian Revolution - occasionally offered
• BIO 394 / HPS 394 Science and Society
• BIO 411 Quantitative Conservation Biology
• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice - Spring only
• BIO 446 / ASM 446 Principles of Human Genetics - Fall only
• JMC 445 Science and Medical Writing
• JUS 394 Energy, Politics, and Justice
• JUS 494 Science, Technology, and Inequality
• MIC 314 HIV/AIDS: Science, Behavior, and Society - occasionally offered
• PHI 494 / REL 494 Science and Religion
• TCL 410 Race, Medicine, and the Body
• WST 360 Women as Healers

Major Core 

Complete the following

• BIO 281 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors I (4)
• BIO 282 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors II (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4) or MBB 347 Molecular Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Evolution (3)

Concentration Core 

Complete the following:

• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)
• BIO 322 Conservation Biology and Ecological Sustainability (3)

Human Dimensions of Conservation and Ecology*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
In these courses, students learn about the human and social dimensions of conservation science.
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 324/PHI 310 Environmental Ethics (3)
• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice (3)
• BIO 427 Fire (3)
• BIO 434 People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3)
• BIO 304/ENV 302 Plants and Civilization (3)

Conservation Biology and Ecology Field Methods*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
These experiential courses teach students field (outdoor) and laboratory methods that are commonly used in conservation biology and ecology.
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 410 Conservation Biology Field Techniques (3)
• BIO 498 Sonoran Desert Field Botany (3)
• BIO 494 Discovering Biodiversity: Field to Database (3)
• BIO 494 Novel Ecosystems (3)

Advanced Ecology*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
These courses focus on the sub-disciplines of ecology across levels of biological organization, from individuals to landscapes.
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 421 Landscape Ecology (3)
• BIO 422 Ecosystem Ecology (3)
• BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology (3)
• ABS 472 Applied Herpetology (3)
• BIO 360 Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO 361 Animal Physiology Lab (2)
• BIO 429/SOS 429 Human Impacts on Ecosystem Functioning (3)
• BIO 461 Comparative Animal Physiology (3)
• BIO 471 Ornithology (3)

Advanced Ecology, Biodiversity and Field/Lab Methods, and Research*

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
Complete one of the following:

• ABS 274 Intro to Wildlife Mgmt (4) 
• ABS 376 Wildlife Ecology (3) 
• ABS 380 Restoration and Wildlife (3) 
• ABS 470 Life History of Mammals (3)
• ABS 476 Big Game Habitat Mgmt  (3)
• ABS 481 Riparian and Wetland Restoration (3)
• ASM 443 Primatology (3) 
• BIO 303 Plant Diversity and Evolution (4) 
• BIO 313 The Flora of Arizona (4) 
• BIO 325 Oceanography (3)
• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4) 
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4) 
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4) 
• BIO 410 Techniques in Conservation Biology and Ecology (3) 
• BIO 419 Physiological Plant Ecology (3) 
• BIO 421 Landscape Ecology (3)
• BIO 422 Ecosystem Ecology (3) 
• BIO430/GPH 422 Plant Geography (3)
• BIO 423 Population & Community Ecology (3) 
• BIO 424 Dynamic Modeling (4) 
• BIO 461 Comparative Physiology (3) 
• BIO/MIC/MBB/PLB 495 Undergraduate Research (1-3)
• BIO/HPS/MIC/MBB/PLB 484 Internship (1-3)
• BIO 498 Pro-Seminar: Human Impact on Ecosystem Functioning (3)
• MIC 220 Biology of Microorganisms (3) 
• PLB 498 Pro-Seminar: Sonoran Desert Field Botany (3)  

Advanced Electives*
Human Dimensions of Conservation and Ecology

*Please see an advisor if courses are not offered in the term you wish to take them
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 304/ENV 302 Plants and Civilization (3) 
• BIO 324/PHI 310 Environmental Ethics (3) 
• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice (3) 
• BIO 427 Fire (3) 
• BIO 434 People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3) 
• BIO 495 - Conservation focused (3) 
• JUS 444 Environment and Justice (3) 
• SOS 310 Equity, Justice and Sustainability (3) 
• SOS 321 Policy and Governance in Sustainable Systems (3) 
• SOS 325 The Economics of Sustainability (3) 
• REL 349/SOS 349/ JST 349 Nature, Sustainability and Religion

General Requirements

General Chemistry (8 Hours)

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)

Physical Science Requirement (3 Hour Minimum)

• CHM 231 and CHM 235 Elementary Organic Chemistry (4)
• GIS 205 (same as P|GPH 370) Geographic Information Technologies (3)
• GIS 211 Geographic Information Science I (4)
• GLG 101 and 103 Intro to Geology 1 and Lab (3)
• GPH 111 Introduction to Physical Geography (3)
• PHY 101 Introduction to Physics (4)

-or-

• PHY 111 and 113 and PHY 112 and 114 General Physics I and II (4)

Quantitative and Spatial Analysis

These courses focus on quantitative and spatial methods that are commonly used in conservation biology and ecology.
Complete one of the following:

• BIO 411 Quantitative Methods in Conservation and Ecology (4)
• BIO 415 Biometry  (4) 
• GIS 311 Geographic Information Science II (4)
• GIS 470 Statistics for Geographers (3)  
• GIS 471 Geographic Information Analysis (3) 
• SOS 212 Calculus-based Modeling for the Life and Social Sciences (3)
• CSE 100 Principles of Programming with C++ (3)
• CSE 110 Principles of Programming (3)

Math Proficiency (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)
• MAT 210 Brief Calculus (3)
• MAT 270 Calculus with Analytic Geometry I (3)
• SOS 211 Calculus and Probability for the Life and Social Sciences (3)

Statistics (3 hours)

Complete one of the following:

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3) 
• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)
• PSY 230 Introduction to Statistics (3)

Major Core

Complete the following

• BIO 281 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors I (4)
• BIO 282 Conceptual Approaches to Biology for Majors II (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Organic Evolution (3)

Major Concentration Courses

Complete the following

• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)
• BIO 322 Conservation Biology and Ecological Sustainability (3)
• BIO 323 Ecosystem Restoration and Management (3)
• BIO 411 Quantitative Methods in Conservation and Ecology (4)

Ecology and Conservation Courses

Complete one of the following

• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice (3)
• BIO 421 Landscape Ecology (3)
• BIO 422 Ecosystem Ecology (3)
• BIO 423 Population & Community Ecology (3)

Organisms and Biodiversity Courses

Complete one of the following

• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4)
• PLB 300 Plant Diversity and Evolution (4)
• PLB 310 The Flora of Arizona (4)

Advanced Ecology Courses

Complete one of the following

• PLB 420 Plant Ecology (3)
• BIO 418 Soil Ecology (3)
• BIO 419 Physiological Plant Ecology (cross-listed as PLB 419) (3)
• BIO 426 Limnology (3-4)
• BIO 434 People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3)
• BIO 427 Fire (3)
• BIO 424 Dynamic Modeling (4)
• BIO 425 Marine Ecology and Conservation (3)
• BIO 494 Physiological Ecology (3)

Human Dimensions Courses

Complete one of the following

• BIO 324 Environmental Ethics (3)
• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice (3)
• BIO 434 People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3)
• HST 394 History and Philosophy of Sustainability (3)
• PLB 302 Plants and Civilization (3)
• SOS 325 Economics of Sustainability (3)

Biodiversity, Field and Research Courses

Complete one of the following 

• BIO 321 Introductory Ecology Lab (2)
• BIO 325 Oceanography (3)
• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4)
• BIO 410 Techniques in Conservation Biology and Ecology (3)
• BIO 471 Ornithology (3)
• BIO 472 Mammalogy (4)
• BIO 474 Herpetology (4)
• MIC 220 Biology of Microorganisms (3)
• PLB 300 Plant Diversity and Evolution (4)
• PLB 310 The Flora of Arizona (4)
• PLB 401 Mycology (3)
• PLB 407 Plant Fossils and Evolution (4)
• PLB 498 Sonoran Desert Field Botany (1-7)
• GPH 422 Plant Geography (3)
• ASM 443 Primatology (3)
• BIO/PLB 495 Undergraduate Research or an approved BIO 484 Internship may be used for 3 credits of field/research experience (1-3)

Note: Courses from ‘Ecology and Conservation’ and ‘Organisms and Biodiversity’ can be used to fulfill electives in ‘Advanced Ecology,’ ‘Human Dimensions’ and ‘Biodiversity, Field and Research.’ Contact your advisor for more information.

Requirements in Related Fields

General Chemistry (8 hours)

Take both courses

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)

Organic Chemistry (4-8 hours)
Take CHM 231 and 235 OR CHM 233, 234, 237, and 238

• CHM 231 Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ 1 (3)
• CHM 235 Elementary Organic Chemistry Laboratory SQ 1 (1)

--- or ---

• CHM 233 General Organic Chemistry I (3)
• CHM 234 General Organic Chemistry II (3)
• CHM 237 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (1)
• CHM 238 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (1)

Physical Science Requirement (3 hour min)

A laboratory course in Physics, Geology or Physical Geography; one from the following list (3-4)

• GPH 111 Introduction to Physical Geography
• GPH 370 Geographic Information Technologies
• GLG 101 Introduction to Geology I (Physical) + GLG 103 Introduction to Geology I Laboratory
• PHY 101 Introduction to Physics SQ

--- or ---

• PHY 111 General Physics SQ2
• PHY 112 General Physics SQ2
• PHY 113 General Physics Laboratory SQ2
• PHY 114 General Physics Laboratory SQ2

Math Proficiency (3 hours)

• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)

Statistics (3 hours)

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3)

--- or ---

• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)

The Concentration in Conservation Biology and Ecological Sustainability provides students with a broad background in conservation biology and ecological sustainability, while allowing them to specialize in certain area(s) of interest. A minimum of 41 semester hours are required in required life science courses, and 16 semester hours in related fields, a three-semester-hour statistics course, plus a three-semester-hour advanced mathematics course included in the General Studies Requirement. A minimum grade of “C” (2.00) is required in all course work in the major and related fields.

Core requirements (15 credits)

• BIO 181 (formally 188) General Biology (4)
• BIO 182 (formally 187) General Biology (4)
• BIO 340 General Genetics (4)
• BIO 345 Organic Evolution (3)

Concentration requirements(9 hours)

• BIO 322 Conservation Biology and Ecological Sustainability I (3)
• BIO 323 Conservation Biology and Ecological Sustainability II (3)
• BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology (3)

Electives (17 hours)

At least one course from each of the following categories (see below for list of approved courses)

Population, genetic and quantitative ecology

• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 411 Quantitative Conservation Biology (3)
• BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology (3)
• BIO 424 Dynamic Modeling in Social and Ecological Systems (4)
• PLB 420 Plant Ecology: Organisms and Populations (3)

Ecosystem processes and community and landscape ecology

• BIO 418 Soil Ecology (3)
• BIO 421 Landscape Ecology (3)
• BIO 422 Ecosystem Ecology (3)
• BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology (3)
• BIO 426 Limnology (4)
• BIO 494 Urban Ecology (3)

Biodiversity, natural history, and field techniques

• BIO 321 Introductory Ecology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4)
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4)
• BIO 410 Techniques in Wildlife Conservation Biology (3)
• BIO 428 Biogeography (3) *
• BIO 471 Ornithology (3)
• BIO 472 Mammalogy (4)
• BIO 474 Herpetology (3)
• PLB 310 The Flora of Arizona (4)
• PLB 407 Plant Fossils and Evolution (4)

Human dimensions of conservation biology

• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice (3)
• BIO 427 Fire (3) *
• BIO 494 Environmental History(3)
• BIO 324 Environmental Ethics (3)
• BIO 494/ ECN 445 Environmental Economics (3)
• BIO 434 People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3)
• HPS 377 Nature in Context (3)
• HST 306 American Environmental History (3)
• HST 394 The History and Philosophy of Sustainability (3)

*Not offered on a regular basis. See your advisor for more information.

Students with a particular interest in one of these four areas are encouraged to take several elective courses in that category; others may wish to follow a more general approach. Courses in each of these areas are listed below and should be selected in consultation with an advisor.

Related Fields (16 hours)

• CHM 113 General Chemistry I (4)
• CHM 116 General Chemistry II (4)

Organic Chemistry Options

• CHM 231 Elementary Organic Chemistry SQ1 (3)
• CHM 235 Elementary Organic Chemistry Laboratory SQ1 (1)

--- or ---

• CHM 233 General Organic Chemistry I (3)
• CHM 234 General Organic Chemistry II (3)
• CHM 237 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (1)
• CHM 238 General Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (1)

Other Related Field Options

• 4 hours in Physics, Geography, or Geology

Math Proficiency

6 hours; 3 as a General Studies Requirement

• STP 226 Elementary Statistics (3)

--- or ---

• STP 231 Statistics for Biosciences (3)
• MAT 251 Calculus for Life Sciences (3)

Elective credit options (not in catalog)

Population, Genetic and Quantitative Ecology

• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 411 Quantitative Conservation Biology (3)
• BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology (3)
• BIO 424 Dynamic Modeling in Social and Ecological Systems (4)
• PLB 420 Plant Ecology: Organisms and Populations (3)

Ecosystem Processes and Community and Landscape Ecology

• BIO 418 Soil Ecology (3)
• BIO 421 Landscape Ecology (3)
• BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology (3) *
• BIO 426 Limnology (4)
• BIO 494 Urban Ecology (3)
• BIO 494 Restoration Ecology (3) *
• PLB 421 Plant Ecology: Communities and Landscapes (3) *

Biodiversity, Natural History and Field Techniques

• BIO 321 Introductory Ecology Laboratory (2)
• BIO 331 Animal Behavior (3)
• BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology (4) *
• BIO 386 General Entomology (4) *
• BIO 410 Techniques in Wildlife Conservation Biology (3)
• BIO 428 Biogeography (3) *
• BIO 471 Ornithology (3) *
• BIO 472 Mammalogy (4) *
• BIO 473 Ichthyology (3) *
• BIO 474 Herpetology (3) *
• PLB 310 The Flora of Arizona (4) *
• PLB 407 Plant Fossils and Evolution (4) *
• PLB 411 Trees and Shrubs of Arizona (3)

Human Dimensions of Conservation Biology

• BIO 412 Conservation in Practice (3)
• BIO 427 Fire (3) *
• BIO 494 Environmental History(3)
• BIO 324 Environmental Ethics (3)
• BIO 494/ ECN 445 Environmental Economics (3)
• BIO 434 People and Nature: Ecosystem Services (3)
• HPS 377 Nature in Context (3)
• HST 306 American Environmental History (3)
• HST 394 The History and Philosophy of Sustainability (3)

*Not offered on a regular basis. See your advisor for more information.